Dogs have been by our side for thousands of years—long before leashes, fancy dog beds, or gourmet kibble. Some breeds have roots so ancient they make the Great Pyramid of Giza look like a recent construction project.
These aren’t just old breeds; they’re living history. From the fierce hunting hounds of ancient Egypt to the shaggy guardians of the Tibetan mountains, these dogs were once companions to pharaohs, warriors, and nomads. Their bloodlines have survived wars, migrations, and civilizations rising and falling.
Ever wondered what kind of dog might have trotted alongside an ancient Roman soldier or curled up at the feet of a Chinese emperor? These 20 remarkable breeds have been around for millennia, proving that some things never go out of style—especially man’s best friend.
Afghan Hound
The Afghan Hound is one of the oldest dog breeds, dating back thousands of years. Known for its elegant appearance and silky coat, this breed was originally used for hunting large game in the mountains of Afghanistan. The Afghan Hound is not only known for its beauty but also for its speed and agility.
Despite their regal appearance, Afghan Hounds are known to be independent and sometimes aloof. They form strong bonds with their families but may act reserved around strangers. Regular grooming is essential to maintain their luxurious coat, making them a commitment for dedicated pet owners.
Basenji
The Basenji, also known as the “barkless dog,” is a breed that originates from Central Africa. Renowned for its unique vocalizations, the Basenji is an ancient hunting dog that has been depicted in Egyptian artifacts.
Known for their energetic and curious nature, Basenjis require regular exercise and mental stimulation to keep them happy. Their short coat is relatively low-maintenance, but they are known to be escape artists, making secure fencing essential.
With their cat-like demeanor and clean habits, Basenjis are both fascinating and endearing companions that have stood the test of time.
Saluki
The Saluki, often referred to as the “Royal Dog of Egypt,” is one of the oldest domesticated dog breeds. With a history that stretches back 6,000 years, Salukis were used by nomadic tribes to hunt game in the desert.
Known for their grace and speed, Salukis are sighthounds that can reach impressive speeds. Their slender bodies and long legs are designed for endurance and agility.
Salukis are gentle and affectionate with their families but can be reserved with strangers. Their independent nature requires a patient and understanding owner who appreciates their unique qualities.
Chow Chow
The Chow Chow is a distinctive and ancient breed from China, recognizable by its lion-like mane and blue-black tongue. With a history dating back over 2,000 years, Chow Chows were originally bred for hunting, guarding, and cart-pulling.
Chow Chows are known for their dignified and reserved personalities. They form strong attachments to their families but can be wary of strangers, making socialization important.
Their thick double coat requires regular grooming to prevent matting. While they are independent, Chow Chows thrive with consistent training and a firm, yet gentle approach from their owners.
Shar Pei
The Shar Pei is a unique and ancient breed known for its distinctive wrinkled skin and blue-black tongue. Originating from China, Shar Peis have been around for centuries, serving as guard dogs and hunters.
Their loose, wrinkled skin was originally bred to protect them in dog fights. Today, Shar Peis are known for their loyal and protective nature, forming strong bonds with their families.
Socialization is crucial for this breed to ensure they are well-adjusted. Regular grooming is needed to maintain their skin folds and prevent infections, making them a unique and cherished companion.
Akita Inu
The Akita Inu is an ancient breed from Japan, revered for its loyalty and courage. Originally used for hunting large game, such as bears, the Akita Inu has a rich history and cultural significance.
Known for their loyalty, Akitas form strong bonds with their families and are often protective. They are intelligent and independent, requiring consistent training and socialization.
Their thick double coat protects them from harsh weather, but regular grooming is necessary to manage shedding. Akitas are a unique and powerful breed with a legacy of bravery and devotion that continues to captivate enthusiasts.
Alaskan Malamute
The Alaskan Malamute is one of the oldest Arctic sled dogs, known for its strength and endurance. Originally bred for hauling heavy loads across the frozen tundra, the Malamute has a history intertwined with the survival of native Alaskan tribes.
Malamutes are social animals, known for their friendly and affectionate nature. They thrive in active households where they can participate in activities like hiking and sledding.
Their thick double coat requires regular grooming to manage shedding and matting. With their wolf-like appearance and playful demeanor, Malamutes are both majestic and loving companions.
Shiba Inu
The Shiba Inu is one of Japan’s oldest and smallest native breeds, known for its spirited and bold personality. Originally bred for hunting small game, Shibas have a keen sense of alertness and agility.
Shiba Inus are independent dogs with a strong sense of loyalty to their families. They are known for their distinctive “Shiba scream,” a vocalization unique to the breed.
With their fox-like appearance and charming personality, Shibas require consistent training and socialization. Their dense double coat needs regular grooming to manage shedding, making them a delightful and energetic companion.
Samoyed
The Samoyed, often referred to as the “smiling sled dog,” originates from Siberia and is one of the oldest dog breeds. Known for their friendly and gentle nature, Samoyeds served as herding, hunting, and sled dogs for the nomadic Samoyedic people.
Their thick white coat is not only beautiful but also functional, providing insulation against the harsh Siberian climate. Regular grooming is necessary to maintain their coat and prevent matting.
Samoyeds are social animals that thrive on companionship and activity. Their friendly disposition and constant “smile” make them endearing companions for active families.
Tibetan Mastiff
The Tibetan Mastiff is an ancient breed known for its imposing size and protective nature. Originating from the Himalayan region, these dogs were traditionally used to guard livestock from predators.
Tibetan Mastiffs are known for their independence and strong-willed personalities. They form close bonds with their families but can be aloof and wary of strangers.
Their thick double coat requires regular grooming, especially during shedding season. Owners must be prepared for their strong guarding instincts and provide consistent training. Tibetan Mastiffs are powerful and loyal protectors with a noble and dignified presence.
Canaan Dog
The Canaan Dog is an ancient breed that has survived in the Middle East for thousands of years. Used by nomadic tribes for herding and guarding, these dogs are known for their adaptability and resilience.
Canaan Dogs are intelligent and alert, making them excellent watchdogs. They form strong attachments to their families and are known for their loyalty.
With a medium-length double coat, Canaan Dogs require regular grooming to manage shedding. Their independent nature and intelligence require consistent training and socialization. As one of the world’s oldest breeds, they continue to be valued for their versatility and loyalty.
Xoloitzcuintli
The Xoloitzcuintli, or “Xolo,” is one of the oldest and rarest breeds, with a history dating back over 3,000 years in Mexico. Revered by the Aztecs, these hairless dogs were believed to have healing powers.
Xolos come in three sizes and are known for their calm and affectionate nature. Their lack of fur makes them unique, but they require skincare to prevent sunburn and dryness.
Intelligent and loyal, Xolos form strong bonds with their families. They need regular exercise and mental stimulation to thrive, making them a distinctive and cherished companion.
Norwegian Elkhound
The Norwegian Elkhound is an ancient breed from Scandinavia, known for its hunting prowess and versatility. Originally used by Vikings, these dogs were bred to track and hunt elk and other game.
Elkhounds are known for their friendly and bold nature. They form strong bonds with their families and are highly sociable animals.
Their thick double coat requires regular grooming, especially during shedding season. Elkhounds thrive in active households where they can participate in outdoor activities. With their keen sense of smell and alertness, they remain popular as both companions and working dogs.
Pharaoh Hound
The Pharaoh Hound is an ancient breed that dates back to Egyptian times, known for its elegance and grace. Often depicted in ancient art, Pharaoh Hounds were used for hunting in the desert regions.
These dogs are renowned for their speed and keen hunting instincts. Their short, glossy coat is low-maintenance, but they require regular exercise to keep them happy.
Pharaoh Hounds are affectionate and gentle with their families but can be reserved with strangers. Known for their unique “blushing” when excited, they are both a visual and emotional delight to those who own them.
Ibizan Hound
The Ibizan Hound is an ancient breed with origins in the Mediterranean region, particularly the Balearic Islands. Known for their agility and keen sense of sight, these hounds were used for hunting rabbits.
Ibizan Hounds are intelligent and energetic, requiring regular exercise and mental stimulation to thrive. Their short, smooth coat is easy to maintain, but they are known for their playful and sometimes mischievous nature.
With their elegant appearance and unique personality, Ibizan Hounds are both charming and challenging companions, requiring an owner who appreciates their lively and spirited nature.
New Guinea Singing Dog
The New Guinea Singing Dog is a rare and ancient breed known for its unique vocalizations that resemble a song. Native to the remote highlands of New Guinea, these dogs have adapted to a life in the wild.
Singing Dogs are highly intelligent and agile, known for their ability to climb and jump. Their independent nature requires an experienced owner who understands their specific needs.
With their wild instincts and charming “song,” these dogs are both intriguing and elusive companions. Their adaptability and resilience make them a living link to the ancient world of canine evolution.
Borzoi
The Borzoi, also known as the Russian Wolfhound, is an elegant and ancient breed from Russia. Bred by Russian nobility for hunting wolves, Borzois are known for their speed and grace.
With their long, flowing coat and dignified appearance, Borzois are both beautiful and aristocratic. They are gentle and affectionate with their families but can be independent and aloof.
Borzois require regular grooming to maintain their coat and benefit from regular exercise. Their calm nature and elegant presence make them a timeless and cherished companion for those who appreciate their regal charm.
Caucasian Shepherd Dog
The Caucasian Shepherd Dog is a powerful and ancient breed from the Caucasus region, known for its protective instincts and strength. Originally used to guard livestock, these dogs are fearless and independent.
Caucasian Shepherds are loyal and devoted to their families, but their guarding instincts require careful socialization and training. They are not recommended for first-time dog owners.
With their thick double coat, they are well-suited to harsh climates but require regular grooming. Their imposing size and protective nature make them both formidable guardians and loving companions for experienced handlers.
Karakachan Dog
The Karakachan Dog is an ancient breed from Bulgaria, known for its herding and guarding abilities. Used by shepherds to protect livestock from predators, these dogs are known for their courage and loyalty.
Karakachans are intelligent and independent, with strong protective instincts. They form strong bonds with their families but require consistent training and socialization.
Their thick coat provides protection against the elements but needs regular grooming. As a working breed, they thrive in rural settings where they can fulfill their guarding duties. Their steadfast loyalty makes them cherished companions for those who appreciate their heritage.
Thai Ridgeback
The Thai Ridgeback is an ancient breed from Thailand, known for its distinctive ridge of hair along its back. Originally used for hunting and guarding, Thai Ridgebacks are both agile and intelligent.
These dogs are known for their strong-willed and independent nature. They form close bonds with their families but require consistent training and socialization to manage their protective instincts.
With their short coat and unique appearance, Thai Ridgebacks are both striking and low-maintenance. Their loyalty and agility make them unique companions for those who appreciate their ancient lineage and spirited personality.